The Second Law
New statement of the Second Law
The Second Law of Thermodynamics can be stated in a great variety of ways. One of the first one comes from Clausius in 1854 (11).No process is possible for which the sole effect is that heat flows from a reservoir at a given temperature to a reservoir at a higher temperature.
This statement implies that the process takes place within a closed system with no exchange of matter and energy across its bounders. It also implies, like any other presently used statement, that the closed system might be exposed to a force field, like gravity, and that in spite of this, the statements remain valid.
Contrary to the statement by Clausius, the reported results show that in a closed system under the influence of a force field like gravity heat can flow from a reservoir at a given temperature to a reservoir at a higher temperature.
In order to keep the validity of the Clausius statement and many similar ones one has to exclude the influence of force fields. This leads to a new general statement of the Second Law:
In closed systems, with no exchange of matter and energy across its bounders AND WITH NO EXPOSURE TO FORCE FIELDS, initial differences of temperature, densities and concentrations in assemblies of molecules will disappear over time resulting in an increase of entropy.
And in order to state the difference of the new statement of the Second Law of Thermodynamics to the old statements explicitly: In closed systems, with no exchange of matter and energy across its borders, FORCE FIELDS LIKE GRAVITY generate in macroscopic assemblies of molecules temperature, density and concentration gradients where the temperature differences can be used to generate work resulting in a decrease of Entropy.
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